sexta-feira, 3 de abril de 2015

Aprender Inglês sozinho


Aprenda Inglês sozinho

A internet pode ajudá-lo a prender a Língua Inglesa sozinho, pois possui vários recursos para que isso aconteça, basta que cada um que queira se comprometer com este aprendizado tenha algumas instruções para que este aprendizado possa ser progressivo do mais fácil até o mais avançado. Lembre-se que aprender uma Língua pode ser muito fácil desde que você se envolva com este aprendizado que pode levá-lo a aprender uma Língua ao toque do seu dedo. Muitas vezes as pessoas não sabem por onde começar. Assim abaixo disponibilizado uma sequência programática para que você possa ter um guia para sua pesquisa. Vá ao buscador Google e digite na ordem proposta.  Ao digitar você encontrará explicações gramáticas e exercícios. Para que o ensino e aprendizagem da Língua Inglesa seja mais eficiente é necessário que você além de aprender as regras e a escrita aprenda a pronunciar e ouça o máximo que puder. Para isso use-se do buscador Google

Examplo: Verb to be + vídeos (você encontrará o assunto desejado em vídeo) ou use o Youtube.  O Próprio Google tradutor ajuda na tradução e na pronuncia. Aprenda sempre a pronunciar o que você esta aprendendo. 

 

1-Verb to be Present

 saying your name

 introducing people

occupations

telling the time

Plural of nouns

Possessive adjectives

Personal and Object Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns

Uses Articles  A/an/ the 

 

2-Simple Present Tense

The use of do and does

Too/either

Daily activities

Present Progressive Tense or Present Continuous Tense

What are you doing now?

Actions

Playing sports

Ordering food in a restaurant

Traveling

Airport conversations

Buying food

Shop conversations

There is and There are

Uses of going to future

Uses of Can

There was/there were

3-Verb To Be Past

Uses of much and many / how many how much

Uses of some/any

Uses of something/anything/somebody/anybody

4-Simple Past Tense

Regular Verbs

Irregular Verbs

 

5-Past Continuous Tense

Question tags.

6-Future / will

7-Modal Verbs  ( Can, Could, must, should, Would, May,  Might , will)

Comparatives and Superlatives

Reflexive Pronouns

So/neither

Prepositions

8-Present Perfect Tense

9-Present Perfect Continuous tense

10-Past Perfect Tense

11-Past Perfect Continuous

12-Used to

13-Future Perfect

14-Passive voice

15-If Clauses

First Conditional/ real situation: Future

Second Conditional /unreal situations

Third Conditional and wish

16-Reported Speech

17-Direct and Indirect Speech

Relative Clause ( who,that/which/whose/whom/where)

18-Gerund and Infinitive  ( verb+ing) ( verb+ infinitive)

Preposition +ing

Preposition+ noun

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives ending in ing, and -ed

Phrasal Verbs

 

Sugestões de sites

Vocabulary

A maneira mais eficiente de se aprender vocabulário é lendo, mas podemos precisar de algumas palavras mais específicas utilizadas em outras áreas do conhecimento. Vamos supor que procuro palavras mais usadas no direito, basta ir ao buscador e digitar  law vocabulary e conseguiremos mais de 6.520,000 resultados. Já nos primeiros está o site Law (www.englishclub.com/vocabulary) com as vinte mais palavras usadas no direito.  E segundo lugar podemos encontrar o site Youtube com vídeos do vocabulário e outros indicando dicionários etc.

Assim para buscar vocabulário em sua pesquisa é só digitar, por exemplo: medicine vocabulary, health vocabulary e assim por diante. 

          About.com:Englishas 2nd Language (www.esl.about.com/)

          Este site é muito útil, pois o aluno poderá encontrar quase tudo que precisa nele, desde plano de aula, vocabulário, leitura de textos de básico a avançado, ditados, vídeos, planejamento de aulas, soletrar palavras, aulas de inglês grátis, a variedade é enorme fazendo com que o aluno possa passar meses somente utilizando este site para acessar todas as opções oferecidas, outro aspecto relevante é que ao fazer os exercícios tanto de leitura quanto gramaticais o aluno já tem a correção dos mesmos em seguida, podendo assim saber imediatamente o resultado atingido, além do mais conta com vários vídeos a escolher o assunto, temas que ajudam a aprimorar e aprofundar com diálogos e conversas referentes ao objeto escolhido.

           English Page ( www.englishpage.com), oferece aulas de Língua Inglesa.

           Englishclub (www.englishclub.com), outro site muito importante, com assuntos muito interessantes e necessários para aprender um pouco da cultura da Língua Inglesa, e é um site feito para professores e alunos, oferece alternativas como: aprenda, lecione inglês.

            Englishtown (www.englishtown.com), é um site muito usado por professores para buscar material de trabalho e se manter atualizado.

            BBC de Londres (www.bbc.co.uk) , canal de TV na Internet. Muito importante destacar que o aluno poderá ouvir e ler notícias em tempo real, com novidades para todos os gostos, oferecendo além de reportagens, esporte, rádio, e a própria televisão, páginas de informações do clima, assim como a TV do Canadá, de Kids, estilo de vida, pessoas e artes, comida, planeta animal e outros. 

              Youtube (www.youtube.com) , é mais uma ferramenta indispensável para o aprendizado da Língua Inglesa, por ser um site de vídeos, as buscas e pesquisas podem ser assistidas e ouvidas. Podemos também encorajar os alunos a fazerem suas próprias palestras na Língua Alvo e publicar no Youtube, oferecendo assim oportunidade para o aluno ver seu trabalho na rede, assim como também inúmeras pessoas que acessam o site.

             Free English teaching and learning materials for ESL-English as.. (www.eslgold.com), este site dá oportunidade para o aluno praticar as habilidades da Língua Inglesa de muitas maneiras. Para iniciantes existem páginas de vocabulário, onde o aluno pode ver, ouvir, e dizer as palavras novas. Caso precise de ajuda com a gramática, audição, ou leitura, há centenas de páginas de explicações, exemplos e links. Ainda oferece conversação com uma pessoa ou professor no programa de parceria da Língua falada. Oferece ainda ajuda para o TOEFL ou TOIC que são certificados de proficiência da Língua Inglesa, inglês para negócios, desenvolvimento da fala e escrita, assim como tópicos ou temas para conversação. Todo material do site é grátis e organizado por habilidades e grau de dificuldade e de rápido e fácil acesso, além de recomendar livros e textos e oferecer uma troca de livros on line, onde podem ser comprados e vendidos livros usados, e lista de cursos no exterior.

                 Para o professor fornece milhares de idéias e materiais de ensino para aulas como: planos de aula, novas idéias, assim como uma grande diversidade de exercícios on line para usá-los como atividade para fazer em casa que vão desde jogos e questionários, exercícios gramaticais ou de audição e outros.

                English-learningandpronunciationcourseswitháudio,online... (www.audioenglish.net/), é um site específico para pronuncia e contem muitas outras informações importantes para o aprendizado.

                 Study Guides and Strategies (www.studygs.net/) é um site muito interessante, pois ensina as estratégias de estudo. Além de ser um material rico para leitura, o aluno aprende estratégias de administração do tempo, como criar listas de tarefas, definir metas e outros.

                Learn English/British Council (learnenglish. british.org/), outro site que possui variedades de temas e opções, ao tornar-se membro o aluno poderá fazer perguntas e tirar dúvidas. 

                 Language Exchange Community-Practice Foreign Languages (www.sharetalk.com), site de grande importância para os futuros professores e também para o desenvolvimento do aluno falante 

da Língua Inglesa. Feito para ensinar línguas, ao escolher uma pessoa para aprender a Língua Alvo, o aluno ensina sua Língua Materna, dando oportunidade de aprender e ensinar. O aluno pode escolher de acordo com seus interesses com quem vai conversar para trabalharem em conjunto.  

                  FluentFuture (www.fluent.future.com), outro site de permuta de língua. Mesmo para aqueles que não queiram participar do aprendizado de línguas, vale a pena acessá-lo para assistir aos vídeos de aulas e as dúvidas freqüentes sobre o aprendizado da Língua Inglesa.

                 Lingomigo Language Exchange Community:Practice and Learn Foreign... (www.rockle.com/language/amigo) , é outro site de troca de línguas, oferece também cursos on line grátis.

                  Language Learnin with Livemocha (www.livemocha.com), este site é também para permute de línguas, mais popular entre os jovens. O aluno ensina a Língua Materna e aprende a Língua Alvo. O site oferece ajuda de nativos para esclarecer dúvidas e possui mais de sei milhões de membros.

                 5minuteEnglish.ESL.Lessons-helpingyoulearnEnglish (www.5minuteenglish.com/).  Este site foi feito para aulas curtas e fáceis com explicações e exercícios.

                 Gore,Al@  e Algore.com  (dir.yahoo.com/.../vice-presidents/core-al) e (www.algore.com). São dois sites do Al Gore ex-presidente dos Estados Unidos da América especializados em falar sobre o aquecimento global. Gore tem sido um grande defensor do planeta e nada melhor do que poder participar das conversas e aprendendo a Língua Alvo.

                  Mr Willian Shakespeareandthe internet. (shakespearepalomar.edu), Site dedicado a obra literária de Shakespeare.

                  Grammar-translationMethos,SelectedLessonsPlans. (wwwnthuleen.com/papers/720report.html). O método de tradução foi um dos primeiros a ser aplicado no ensino-aprendizagem da Língua Inglesa, conhecê-lo pode ajudar na prática pedagógica do futuro professor.

                  Vigotsky and Language acquisition  (www.sk.com.br/sk-vygot.html) (revistaescola.abril.com.br)(educarparacrescer.abril.com.br) (www.monografias.brasilescola.com). Sites que discute a aquisição da língua, e Vygotsky conhecido teórico do ensino como processo social, assim como as teorias de Piaget.

                   Vídeos para communicative approach (www.youtube.com). Site contém vídeos explicando o uso do método Communicative Approach, com explicações e uso.

                   ChomskyandtheUniversal (www.southcrossreview.org/9/Chomsky-htm)

Este é um site para conhecer as idéias e pesquisas de Chomsky.

                  Books and articles by Steven Krashen . (www.sd.krashen.com). Stephen Krashen é um professor de renome da University of Southen Califórnia (USC), é conhecido pelo seu trabalho em Lingüística Aplicada na área de aquisição de segunda língua. Para maiores estudos outros sites relacionados. (www.as.com.br/sk-krash-html);  (www.languageimpact.com.articles/rw/krashenbk.html); (www.twitter.com/krashen);  (www.languagebooks.com/authors/krashen.html).

                   TheHistoryPlace-greatSpeechesCollection (www.historyplace.com/speeches/previous.html). Site com diversos discursos dos grandes oradores do século XX e XXI, como: Winston Churchill, Bill Cliton, John F. Kennedy, que além de ouvir é possível ler o texto na integra. Assista à Martin Luther King e seu famoso discurso “ I have a dream” no ( www.youtube.com)

                   Succeed by studying great speeches-school for Champions (www.schoolfor-champions.com/speeches.html). Neste site além de ouvir e ler os discursos de grandes e importantes políticos, após a leitura do texto, é possível fazer um teste de compreensão.

                   American Rhetoric:Top 100 speeches of the 20th Century by Rank                (www.americanrthetoric.com/top/100speechesall.html). Contém os cem melhores discursos do século XX na ordem de sua importância para o aluno ouvir e baixar os textos.

                   EasyEnglish-freeonlineEnglishtests.( www.easyenglish.com),(www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish-central-test-test-level) sites para fazer testes on line.

                   How to Plan a class course/ehow.com (www.ehow.com). Este site é feito para ajudar a montar planos de aulas e syllabus. Outro site indicado é o (www.crosswalk.com/homeschool)

                  Países falantes da Língua Inglesa. (www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/countries)

                   Rede de Relacionamnetos

                   Facebook (www.facebook.com/). É um site de relacionamentos parecido com o Orkut, por ser um site Norte Americano favorece ao aluno usá-lo como fonte de aprendizagem, e AP fazer o login fazê-lo na Língua Alvo e adicionar os colegas de sala de aula para trocar experiências, se usado como fonte de estudo pode ser uma ferramenta útil para conhecer outras pessoas falantes da Língua Inglesa. Outro que é semelhante ao Facebook é o Myspace (wwwmyspace.com/) .

                     ESL Cha tin English ( www.englishenglish.com/english_chat.htm-). Este  site é para conversas informais os bate-papos , para fazer amigos e conhecer pessoas de todas as partes do mundo.

                    Second life (secondlife.com). Segunda vida como diz o nome do jogo, é um mundo virtual em  3 donde os usuários podem socializar-se e conectar com outras pessoas interagindo em um mundo criado pelo usuário.

                  Livrarias on line (www.disal.com.br). A livraria Disal é uma grande distribuidora de livros didáticos e de leitura, dicionários e CDs e vídeos voltados para a Língua Inglesa. Ao entrar no site é possível ver todos os métodos que são usados pelas escolas de  línguas mais modernos. A Disal oferece também palestras com nativos e professores que valem a pena assistir. Outra grande distribuidora é a SBS (www.sbs.com.br).

                 Livros (www.ebooks.com). Site de livros eletrônicos.

                 Read books on line:Literature books (www.readbooksonline.net/). Este site contem mais de dois mil livros de centenas de autores. A coleção desses livros estão nas seguintes categorias: ficção, romance, contos, poemas, artigos,peças teatrais, não ficção. Muitos desses livros são trabalhos da Literatura Americana, Inglesa, Irlandesa e de autores conhecidos como Willian Shakespeare, mar Twain, Charles Dickens, Oscar Wilde, Robert Frost, Edgar Allan Poe, Jane Austen e estão disponíveis trabalhos e publicações de premio Nobel, o Pulitzer que é um Oscar para jornalistas premiados.

                  Literatura (www.sparknotes.com). Clássicos da Literatura Inglesa como Shakespeare podem ser encontrados neste site, que foi criado especialmente para estudantes Norte Americanos com o objetivo de difundir e facilitar a leitura com comentários e explicações de professores. O aluno pode ler Romeo e Julieta no original e ao lado da mesma leitura uma linguagem mais simplificada.

                Bibliomania_Free online Literature and study Guides. (www.bibliomania.com/). Este site é ótimo para leitura, além de contar com grandes clássicos da literatura, é possível pesquisar diversos assuntos desejados.

                  Shortstories at least of the web. (www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/). Este site possui uma grande variedade de histórias curtas, que ajudam na variedade da leitura. Outro site é o (www.americanliterature.com/)

                Bibliotecas on line.

The British Library-The world´s knowledge (www.bl.uk).

Britannica on line (www.britannica.com).

The Free Encyclopedia (www.wikipedia.org).

The World Digital Library. (www.america.gov-outros).

The online Books Page. (onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/)

                  Jonais e Revistas

                            Daily News é um jornal de grande circulação e importância nos Estados Unidos. (www.nydailynews.com). Outro jornal importante é o New York Times (www.nytimes.com). Outros jornais e revistas podem ser acessados em (www.indekx.com).

                 Wikileaks (www.wikileaks.org/) . este site voltado para aquelas notícias que vazam na imprensa e que normalmente não deveriam ser publicadas.

Jokes of jokes-Funny jokes, Pictures and                                                                          Vídeos.(www.lotsofjokes.com/) . Piadas dos mais variados tipos com fotos e vídeos. 

                  Phrasal Verbs. São os verbos seguidos de uma preposição ou advérbio que cria um novo significado diferente do verbo original.

English Page-phrasal verb dictionary .(www.englishpage.com), o                       English Phrasal Verbs. (www.usingenglish.com) e o Phrasal Verbs. (www.eslcafe.com).

                   Guide Grammar and Writing (grammar.ccc.commenet.edu/grammar) . Este site é para estudos gramaticais. Outro site mais específico para gramática em geral é o English Grammar online-free exercises (www.ego4u.com) .

                   Falsecognates-Inglês Português .(www.sk.com.br). FalseCognates  (www.taniabasilio.com.br) . Falsos cognatos também chamados de falsos amigos são palavras da Língua Inglesa que usualmente de origem latina que se parecem com a Língua portuguesa, mas são diferentes em significado.

               Idioms site. (www.idiomsite.com), este site é específico para as expressões idiomátias. 

                  Free English proverbs and sayings with their meaning.(www.learn-english-today.com) e o Proverbs and sayings. (www.englishclub.com/ref/sayings/index.htm).  Estes sites são importantes e contém provérbios da Língua inglesa. Aprende-los ajuda a entender alguns aspectos culturais da língua.

                Fonética. (IPA) sigla International Phonetic Alphabet. Ao aprender a Língua Inglesa precisamos saber os símbolos fonéticos típicos da língua. Eles podem ser encontrados no Phonetic chart of IPA symbols (www.stuff.co.ul.calcul.nd.htm), além dos símbolos o aluno ao pressionar qualquer um deles ouvirá o som juntamente com uma palavra exemplificando.  Juntamente com a fonética outro site indicado para pronuncia é o Pronuncia/inglês on line (www.inglesonline.com.br), outro indicado conjuntamente é o English Alphabet (www.ngfl.cymru.org.uk/), este site é específico para aprender a soletrar, outro também na mesma linha é o Learning Planet.com-AlphabetAction (www.learningplanet.com/aact/index.asp) . 

Música – basta digitar no buscador o nome da música +lyrics para ter as letras de suas músicas favoritas.

Tradutores e Dicionários. Tecla SAP (www.teclasap.com.br) . Este site compartilha termos e expressões com suas respectivas traduções. Pode ser usado também o Google tradutor (translate.google.com.br) . Babylon. (www.babylon.com), Urban Dictionary. (www.urbandicionary.com), outro muito bom que ajuda na pronuncia de palavras em inglês é o  How J Say (www.howjsay.com), outro é o             One look .(www.onelook.com) , para pesquisas em inglês-inglês.  Outros dicionários on line:                                  (www.longman.com) . (www.answers.com/). (www.pdicionary.com/) .                               

False Cognates

Falsos cognatos ou também chamados de falsos amigos são palavras da Língua Inglesa que usualmente de origem latina que se parecem com a Língua Portuguesa, mas são diferentes em significado.

Sites para encontrar vários deles:

Falsecognates-Inglês Português (www.sk.com.br)

False Cognates  ( www.taniabasilio.com.br)

Phrasal Verbs (www. eslcafe.com)

Idioms

Expressões idiomáticas são muito comum na (Língua Inglesa)

Idioms site ( www.idiomsite.com)

 

Provérbios da Língua Inglesa

Aprender provérbios ajuda a entender alguns aspectos culturais da língua.

Free English proverbs and sayings with their meaning (www.learn-english-today.com)

Proverbs and sayings (www. englishclub.com/ref/sayings/index.htm)

The meaning and origin of sayings and phrases/list of saying (www.phrases.org.uk)

Fonética

 (IPA) sigla para International Phonetic Alphabet. Ao aprender (LI) precisamos saber os símbolos fonéticos típicos da língua. Para isso podemos utilizar destes sites.

Pronuncia/ inglês on line (www.inglesonline.com.br)

Phonetic chart of IPA symbols (www.stuff.co.ul.calcul_nd_htm) 

Este site é muito bom, pois contem um quadro com os símbolos fonéticos e ao pressionar qualquer um deles o aluno ouvirá o som juntamente com uma palavra exemplificando.

English Teaching Methodology (www.englishraven.com/methodology.html)

Neste site podemos aprender toda a história dos métodos utilizados no ensino da Língua Inglesa desde os primeiros métodos utilizados até os mais modernos.

English Alphabet ( www.ngfl.cymru.org.uk/)

LearningPlanet.com-AlphabetAction (www.learningplanet.com/act/fl/aact/index.asp)

Ambos sites são muito bons para aprender a soletrar.

 

Música

Basta digitar no buscador o nome da música +lyrics para ter as letras de suas músicas favoritas. A música pode ser mais uma na contribuição educacional, é possível encontrar uma grande maioria delas na internet com a tradução, e possíveis downloads, o aluno também fica livre para escolher suas favoritas.

  

TV a Cabo

Possui uma enormidade de canais de filmes na língua inglesa que ajuda a entender muito mais a Língua falada, alem de canais da CNN que trás notícias em tempo real. Mesmo aqueles que não possuem TV a cabo podem acessar esses canais na internet e assistir  aos episódios e comentários.

Warner Channel  (warnerchannel.com)

(uc.tv.br) canal do Universal Channel 

Oprah Winfrey Show (www.oprah.com)

Oprah Winfrey é muito famosa nos Estados Unidos e seu show é muito assistido. É um programa  de entrevistas e pode ser acessado na internet.


 

Tradutores e Dicionários

Tecla SAP ( www.teclasap.com.br)

Compartilha termos e expressões com suas respectivas traduções. Se precisar descobrir algo em inglês, utilize a ferramenta de busca do tecla SAP.

Para pesquisar palavras ou fazer traduções use o Google tradutor (translate.google.com.br)

Babylon (www.babylon.com) 

 

Urban Dictionary (www.urbandicionary.com)

Este é um dicionário de gírias em inglês aberto, geralmente usado para procurar aquelas palavras mais rudes que não estão no dicionário.

 

How J Say (www.howjsay.com)

Este serve para obter a pronúncia de palavras em inglês. Ajuda na autonomia e incentivo, pois ao entrar em contato com uma palavra nova o aluno já pode aprender a pronunciá-la sem ter que perguntar ao professor ou outra pessoa.

 

One Look (www.onelook,com)

Para pesquisas em Inglês-Inglês .

 

 Dicionários on line

 




 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sexta-feira, 17 de fevereiro de 2012

Aprender a Língua Inglesa tornou-se uma necessidade

Com a globalização dos meios de comunicação, cada dia mais se faz necessário aprender a Língua Inglesa para entrar neste mundo. Não é necessário dizer que quem não fala ou escrever este idioma esta fora de grande parte das informações que circulam no mundo.Ao usar a Língua Inglesa para pesquisar na rede as chances de encontrar um número bem maior de respostas do que se usar na pesquisa somente a Língua Mãe de cada um. Perguntas simples ou mais complexas quando pesquisadas no google as respostas da mesma forma serão respondidas de várias partes do mundo facilitando assim a comunicação global.Quando usamos somente nossa Língua Mãe nas nossas pesquisas ficamos muito mais limitados em encontrar a resposta.

Alguns argumentos para para que você comece a estudar inglês:

Ser um cidadão do mundo;
É a língua da internet;
De grande parte dos filmes;
De grande parte das músicas;video games; computadores;
Reuniões da ONU e outras de empresas de grande porte e renome;
É sempre possível encontrar um jornal ou revista na Língua Inglesa em qualquer parte do mundo;
A CNN é um canal de Língua Inglesa internacional;
Grande parte das publicações de artigos científicos estão na Língua Inglesa;
Grande parte da literatura mundial foi traduzido para a Língua Inglesa;
Muitos empregos em um futuro muito proximo serão executados de casa com o uso do computador, asssim aos falantes da Língua Inglesa terão maiores changes no mercado mundial de trabalho;
Trabalhar para uma empresa de outro país, sem sair de casa; 
Conhecer ou conversar com pessoas de outros países;
Aumentar seus conhecimentos culturais e artísticos;
Ter um entendimento melhor do que acontece no mundo;
Ter mais autonomia em seu aprendizado;
Poder fazer um curso em Harvad a distancia ou outras universidades Inglesas e Americanas;

quarta-feira, 8 de fevereiro de 2012

world cup

if you are coming to Brazil for the world cup and wants to know more about the country, please don't hesitate to ask.

segunda-feira, 2 de janeiro de 2012

Protesto aos filmes dublados

Sou assinante da TV a cabo há muito tempo, e agora parece que todos os filmes estão dublados. Todos sabem que muitos como eu professores da língua inglesa e alunos sempre se usaram da tv a cabo para assistir a filmes de língua inglesa no original se sentem impedidos de fazê-lo como antes. As tvs a cabo deveriam propriciar as duas opções para não prejudicar quem já é assinante a muito tempo. Alem do mais assistir a um filme diblado é perder grande parte cultural e artística do filme. Se a tv a cabo quer se igualar com a tv aberta, para que servirá a tv a cabo, e mais será que vou ter que cancelar minha assinatura e alugar videos dos filmes para que tenha opção de assitir como quiser?

quarta-feira, 28 de dezembro de 2011

Verbs Tenses-tempos verbais em inglês

1-Verb To Be Present
AFFIRMATIVE


I am


You are


He is


She is


It is


We are


You are


They are




 NEGATIVE


I am not


You are not


He is not


She is not


It is not


We are not


You are not


They are not


 INTERROGATIVE


Am I?


Are you?


Is he?


Is She?


Is it?


Are we?


Are you?


Are they?


Short Form of To be


AFFIRMATIVE


I’m


You’re


He’s


She’s


It’s


We’re


You’re


They’re


NEGATIVE


I’m not


You aren’t


He isn’t


She isn’t


It isn’t


We aren’t


You aren’t


They aren’t


INTERROGATIVE


Am I?


Are you?


Is he?


Is She?


Is it?


Are we?


Are you?


Are they?


2-SIMPLE PRESENT

[We use the Simple Present tense to describe an action which goes on every day or all the time.]

 – every week - every month- every year –today

Affirmative [He –she –it + S]

I Like Fish

You Like Hamburgers

He Likes Hotdogs


She Likes Milk


It Likes Soda


We Like Music

You Like Movies

They Like Beer


Interrogative [ He- she – it = does]


Do I Like fish?

Do You Like hamburgers?

Does He Like hotdogs?


Does She Like Milk?


Does It Like Soda?

Do We Like music?

Do You Like movies?

Do They Like Beer?

Negative [ he-she it- = doesn’t]

I don’t like fish?

You don’t like hamburgers?

He doesn’t like hotdogs?


She doesn’t like milk?


It doesn’t like soda?

We don’t like music?

You don’t like movies?

They don’t like beer?

Simple Present: Exceptions.

Verbs ended by [ch,sh, o, s,x + ES]

Affirmative

I go I watch I wash I kiss

You go You watch You wash You kiss

He goes He watches He washes He kisses


She goes She watches She washes She kisses


It goes It watches It washes It kisses


We go We watch We wash We kiss

You go You watch You wash You kiss

They go They watch They wash They kiss



Negative

I don’t go I don’t watch I don’t wash I don’t kiss

You don’t go You don’t watch You don’t wash You don’t kiss

He doesn’t go He doesn’t watch He doesn’t wash He doesn’t kiss


She doesn’t go She doesn’t watch She doesn’t wash She doesn’t kiss


It doesn’t go It doesn’t watch It doesn’t wash It doesn’t kiss

We don’t go We don’t watch We don’t wash We don’t kiss

You don’t go You don’t watch You don’t wash You don’t kiss

They don’t go They don’t watch They don’t wash They don’t kiss

Interrogative

Do I go? Do I watch? Do I wash? Do I kiss?

Do you go? Do you watch? Do you wash? Do you kiss?

Does he go? Does he watch? Does he wash? Does he kiss?


Does she go? Does she watch? Does she wash? Does she kiss?


Does it go? Does it watch? Does it wash? Does it kiss?

Do we go? Do we watch? Don we wash? Do we kiss?

Do you go? Do you watch? Do you wash? Do you kiss?

Do they go? Do they watch? Do they wash? Do they kiss?

End by [Y after consonant]



Affirmative                          Interrogative                              Negative

I study                               Do I study?                                 I don’t study

You study                          Do you study?                            You don’t study

He studies                          Does he study?                          He doesn’t study


She studies                        Does she study?                         She doesn’t study


It studies                           Does it study?                             It doesn’t study

We study                          Do we study?                               We don’t study

You study                         Do you study?                             You don’t study

They study                        Do they study?                           They don’t study



Verb [To Have]


Affirmative                          Interrogative                                Negative

I have                                Do I have?                                   I don’t have

You have                           Do you have?                               You don’t have

He has                               Does he have?                               He doesn’t have

She has                              Does she have?                             She doesn’t have

It has                                 Does it have?                                  It doesn’t have

We have                            Do we have?                                 We don’t have

You have                           Do you have?                                 You don’t have

They have                          Do they have?                                 They don’t have


3-The Present Progressive

AFFIRMATIVE

I am working

You are working

He is working

She is working

It is working

We are working

You are working

They are working

NEGATIVE

I am not working

You are not working

He is not working

She is not working

It is not working

We are not working

You are not working

They are not working

INTERROGATIVE

Am I working?

Are you working?

Is he working?

Is She working?

Is it working?

Are we working?

Are you working?

Are they working?

4-Affirmative

SINGULAR                                   PLURAL

There is                                           There are


Interrogative                                    
Is there?                                         Are there?

Negative
 There isn’t                                     There aren’t


5-Can [ Present]= used for showing that it is possible for somebody to do something or  having the ability to do something.

Ability= I can drive, I can dance, I can cook.
AFFIRMATIVE

I can

You can

He can

She can

It can

We can

You can

They can


NEGATIVE

I can’t

You can’t

He can’t

She can’t

It can’t

We can’t

You can’t

They can’t

INTERROGATIVE

Can I?

Can you?

Can he?

Can She?

Can it?

Can we?

Can you?

Can they?

6-AFFIRMATIVE
MUST= necessity, obligation.
I must arrive at work at seven everyday.

I must

You must

He must

She must

It must

We must

You must

They must

NEGATIVE


I mustn’t

You mustn’t

He mustn’t

She mustn’t

It mustn’t

We mustn’t

You mustn’t

They mustn’t

 INTERROGATIVE

Must I?

Must you?

Must he?

Must she?

Must it?

Must we?

Must you?

Must they?


7-Going to [ Near Future]

AFFIRMATIVE

I am going to

You are going to

He is going to

She is going to

It is going to

We are going to

You are going to

They are going to

NEGATIVE

I am not going to

You aren’t going to

He isn’t going to

She isn’t going to

It isn’t going to

We aren’t going to

You aren’t going to

They aren’t going to


INTERROGATIVE

Am I going to?

Are you going to?

Is he going to?

Is she going to?

Is it going to?

Are we going to?

Are you going to?

Are they going to?


When we talk about the future , we use will or going to.

We use [I am going to do something]

I decided to do it .

Ex:I am going to buy some books tomorrow.



I am going to drink

You

He

She is going to drink

It

We are going to drink

They Will – when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. Or when we don’t know for sure. We use I think I will.

Promising to do something. I won’t tell anybody. I promise.

Ex: The door is open.

I will close it for you.


I will

You will

He, she ,it will

We, you, they will

Future: tomorrow – next week- next year Next month.

Short form :  I'll  , you'll , he'll , she'll , it'll , we'll , they'll
negative= I won't  , he won't , she won't , it won't, we won't, they won't


8-May= possibility or permission

Possibility= I may go to Paris tomorrow.
Permission= May I drink water?


AFFIRMATIVE

I may

You may

He may

She may

It may

We may

You may

They may

NEGATIVE

I may not

You may not

He may not

She may not

It may not

We may not

You may not

They may not

INTERROGATIVE


May I?

May you?

May he?

May she?

May it?

May we?

May you?

May they?


9-Would

AFFIRMATIVE
Short form

I would I’d

You would you’d

He would He’d

She would She’d

It would It’d

We would We’d

You would You’d

They would They’d
NEGATIVE


                      Short form

I would not       I wouldn’t

You would not You wouldn’t

He would not He wouldn’t

She would not She wouldn’t

It would not It wouldn’t

We would not We wouldn’t

You would not You wouldn’t

They would not They wouldn’t

INTERROGATIVE


Would I?

Would you?

Would he?

Would she?

Would it?

Would we?

Would you?

Would they?


10-Will - future

AFFIRMATIVE


I will

You will

He will

She will

It will

We will

You will

They will NEGATIVE

Short Form


I won’t

You won’t

He won’t

She won’t

It won’t

We won’t

You won’t

They won’t

 NEGATIVE

I will not

You will not

He will not

She will not

It will not

We will not

You will not

They will not

INTERROGATIVE

Will I?

Will you?

Will he?

Will she?

Will it?

Will we?

Will you?

Will they?


11-Verb to be [ Past]

AFFIRMATIVE

I was

You were

He was

She was

It was

We were

You were

They were

NEGATIVE


I wasn’t

You weren’t

He wasn’t

She wasn’t

It wasn’t

We weren’t

You weren’t

They weren’t

 INTERROGATIVE

Was I?

Were you?

Was he?

Was she?

Was it?

Were we?

Were you?

Were they?

12-Past Continuous or ( Past Progressive)


AFFIRMATIVE

I was eating

You were eating

He was eating

She was eating

It was eating

We were eating

You were eating

They were eating

NEGATIVE


I wasn’t eating

You weren’t eating

He wasn’t eating

She wasn’t eating

It wasn’t eating

We weren’t eating

You weren’t eating

They weren’t eating

INTERROGATIVE


Was I eating?

Were you eating?

Was he eating?

Was she eating?

Was it eating?

Were we eating?

Were you eating?

Were they eating?


1-We use the Past Progressive for things happening over a period of time in the past.

Example: I was reading on the day of the accident.

They were playing table tennis on the day of the accident.

While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.

2- Compare the Past Continuous ( I was doing ) and the simple past ( I did)

Past Continuous ( in the middle of an action)

• I was walking home when I met David.

• Sally was watching TV when the phone rang. Simple Past ( complete action)

• I walked home after the party last night.

• Sally watched TV last night.

13-SHOULD = You should go to a doctor, you don't look well.
                     You should study more for the test,I've heard it's very difficult.
Affirmative                                 Interrogative                           Negative


I should                                       should I?                               I shouldn’t


you should                                  should you?                           you shouldn’t


he should                                    should he?                             he shouldn’t


she should                                  should she?                            she shouldn’t


it should                                     should it?                                it shouldn’t


we should                                  should we?                             we shouldn’t


you should                                 should you?                             you shouldn’t


they should                                should they?                            they shouldn’t





14-Uses of the verb to have.



Present                          Past                                              Future

I have                           I had                                             I will have

You have                     You had                                        You will have

He has                         He had                                          He will have

She has                       She had                                         She will have

It has                           It had                                            It will have

We have                     We had                                        We will have

You have                   You had                                        You will have

They have                 They had                                       They will have


15-The Simple Past tense

Affirmative                     
I called

You called

He called

She called

It called

We called

You called

They called

INTERROGATIVE

Did I call?

Did you call?

Did he call?

Did she call?

Did it call?

Did we call?

Did you call?

Did they call?

NEGATIVE

I didn’t call

You didn’t call

He didn’t call

She didn’t call

It didn’t call

We didn’t call

You didn’t call

They didn’t call


Simple Past

1-We use the Simple Past to talk about the past: [ yesterday, last night , three days ago, etc]

2-We form the past of regular verbs by:

Most of the verbs we add ED or D

Present            Past

ask                 asked

live                  lived



3- Verbs ending in Y after consonant - Y + IES

carry - carried



Irregular Verbs

Affirmative
I went

You went

He went

She went

It went

We went

You went

They went

Interrogative

Did I go?

Did you go?

Did he go?

Did she go?

Did it go?

Did we go?

Did you go?

Did they go?

Negative

 I didn’t go

You didn’t go

He didn’t go

She didn’t go

It didn’t go

We didn’t go

You didn’t go

They didn’t go


16-Present Perfect Tense: We form the Present Perfect tense with the Present of the verb to have + past participle of the main verb

Present                            Past                         Past Participle

to be                             was / were                       been



Ex.: I have been here for three hours.

she has never been there.





Irregular Regular

Present                    Past                        Past Participle

go                           went                           gone

meet                       met                             met

see                         saw                            seen


Regular verbs: The Past Participle and the Past are the same



Present            Past                   Past Perfect

arrive              arrived                      arrived

live                 lived                          lived

play               played                       played



The Present Perfect tense: we use have or has + Past Participle



Affirmative               Negative                       Interrogative

I have seen               I haven’t seen               Have I seen?

You have seen         You haven’t seen           Have you seen?

He has seen              He hasn’t seen              Has he seen?

She has seen             She hasn’t seen            Has she seen?

It has seen                 It hasn’t seen                Has it seen?

We have seen           We haven’t seen           Have we seen?

You have seen          You haven’t seen          Have you seen?

They have seen         They haven’t seen         Have they seen?



short form: I have = I’ve you have = you’ve he has = he’s



Ex.: He’s been here. She’s been here. I’ve been here.



We use the Present Perfect for an action at an indefinite time in the past, where the emphasis is not on the time but on the action.


exemple: I have been to Argentina. (We don’t mention the time or when)

exemple: she has cleaned her house.


Let’s compare Present Perfect to Simple Past



Simple Past                                                    Present Perfect

I saw Mary at the party yesterday.                  I have seen Mary.

I went to the club last week.                           I have been to the club.

She traveled to Paris last year.                        She has traveled to Paris.  

He worked hard yesterday.                            He has worked hard.


Pay attention to the difference.

Simple Past we always mention the time.

Yesterday, last week, two days ago, etc.


Present Perfect we just give emphasis on e action.


-Did you see Mary last night?                          -  Have you seen Mary?

-Yes, I did.                                                         -   Yes, I have.

-Did you go to Paris last year?                        -Have you been to Paris?

-No, I didn’t.                                                       -No, I haven’t.

-Did you go to the movies last night?                     - Have you been to the movies?

-Yes, I did.                                                           -Yes, I have.

-Did you eat fish last Sunday?                                 -Have you eaten fish?

-No, I didn’t.                                                           -Yes, I have.


We also use:


Have you ever been to the USA?

Have you been to the new shopping mall?

Have you ever been to Canada?

Has she ever been to a concert?

Have you ever been to Bahia?

Have you ever been to Rio? (ever is emphatic)

Pay attention to the difference:

- She has been to the USA. (She was there, but now she is back)

- She has gone to the USA. (She is there now or on her way there)

We Also Use The Present Perfect For A Period Of Time Not Finished, such as: Today, This Week, This Year, Etc.

Ex.: Have you read the newspaper today?

Have you traveled this year?

Have you watched T.V. today?

Those Questions We Use In The Present Perfect:


WHY? Because when we ask “Have you read the newspaper today” (today is not over, not finished)

You can read the newspaper later. (today will be over only at midnight)

So the Present Perfect is used for actions whereby the action can be continued or repeated.

For example: when you ask – Did you read the newspaper yesterday? (yesterday is over, finished)

In Present Perfect the action is not over or finished, you can still read the newspaper today.

- Have you read the newspaper today?

Example:



{_______________________________________________...................................................}

1987 2000 2020



I have worked here for 17 years



When we want to show the length of time of an action or state of being, that began in the past

and is still continuing.

{_________________________________________________________________________}

4:00 o’clock 6:00 o’clock

I arrived at 4:00 o’clock I am still here

I have been here for 2 hours.

I have been here since 4:00 o’clock.

So we always use FOR or SINCE (Present Perfect) when we are talking about time.

SINCE = yesterday, last year, 2:00 o’clock.

FOR = two years, two hours, months, years.


PS: We only use yesterday, last night in the Present Perfect with since:

example: I saw Mary yesterday.

I haven’t seen Mary since yesterday.

I met Peter last night.

I haven’t met Peter since last night.



(since last night shows a length of time) {____________________ SINCE _________________}

yesterday now

- how long have you been here?

- I have been here since four o’clock.

- I have been here for 2 hours.

- How long have you worked here?

- I have worked here for 2 years.

- I have worked here since 1999.

We also use the present perfect frequently with the words:

Ever - Have you ever been to Europe?

Just - for an action completed just now ( short time ago):

she has just arrived. She has just left.

Already - “do your homework!” “I have already done it.”

“clean your room!” “I have already cleaned it.”

Yet - Usually in the negative and interrogative

I haven’t done my homework yet. I will do it later.

Have you done your homework yet?



17-May and Might = (possibility)
We use may or might to say that something is possible.

We can use may or might in the Present and Future.

Affirmative

e.g.: He may be at home. (perhaps he is at home)

She might be late.

It might rain next year.

She might arrive next Saturday.

Negative

e.g.: He may not come tonight.

She might not be at home.

They may not finish the work in time.

It may not be sunny tomorrow.

We can use may for permission

May I come in?

May I sit?

May I go to the movies?

To say what was possible in the past.

May + have + past participle

Might + have + past participle

e.g.: He may have forgotten the meeting.

She might have left her purse at home.

They may have said the wrong words.

She might have had a headache.

 More examples

May I sit? = asking permission

I may go to the movies, I don’t know = possibility

May I smoke in here? = asking permission
I may study another language => possibility

18-Must

We use must = to say that something is necessary (we can use it for the present or future)

e.g.: I must study for the test.

He must pay more attention to the teacher.

Must I come here tomorrow. (future)

Past we use must + have + past participle

e.g.: He must have seen the accident.

She must have left earlier.

They must have made a mistake.

Negative = must not = mustn’t

MUSTN’T = it is not necessary or a prohibition


You mustn’t smoke in here.

Students mustn’t miss classes.

19-Going to Past

AFFIRMATIVE

I was going to

You were going to

He was going to

She was going to

It was going to

We were going to

You were going to

They were going to

NEGATIVE

I wasn’t going to

You weren’t going to

He wasn’t going to

She wasn’t going to

It wasn’t going to

We weren’t going to

You weren’t going to

They weren’t going to

 INTERROGATIVE

Was I going to?

Were you going to?

Was he going to?

Was she going to?

Was it going to?

Were we going to?

Were you going to?

Were they going to?


20-Past Perfect

FORM [had + past participle]

Examples:

• You had studied English before you moved to New York.

• Had you studied English before you moved to New York?

• You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:

• I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

• Tony knew Los Angeles so well because he had visited the city several times.

• Had Sally ever studied Spanish before she moved to Spain?

• She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

• Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.

• We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.



USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

We use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Examples:

• We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

• By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.

• They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.

Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.



IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

It is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

Example:

• She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 2008 before she moved in with them in 2010.



ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.

• Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?


21-Present Perfect Continuous

Have or has + been + verb+ing

Example: I have been studying.

She has been waiting for 2 hours.


Affirmative                               Short Form

I have been studying                I've been studying

You have been studying          You've been studying

He has been studying               He's been studying

She has been studying            She's been studying

We have been studying          We've been studying

You have been studying         You've been studying

They have been studying.       They've been studying



Negative                                                       Interrogative

I haven't been studying                                 have I been studying?

You haven't been studying                           have you been studying?

He hasn't been studying                                has he been studying?

She hasn't been studying                              has she been studying?

We haven't been studying                            have we been studying?

You haven't been studying                           have you been studying?

They haven't been studying                          have they been studying?


We use the Present Perfect Continuous - For an action that began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking.

I began studying two hours ago. I am still studying now.

(this moment - it is 6 o'clock now).

I have been studying for two hours.

I have been studying since 4 o'clock.

Present Perfect Continuous X Present Perfect

I have been cleaning my house.   {It means: I am still cleaning it now.}

She has been writing postcards all day. {She is still writing them now.}
I have cleaned my house.{it means: I finished.it.}
She has written postcards.{She finished. }

22-PASSIVE
We use the passive when it is not important who or what did the action.



In the active the subject is important . I cooked dinner

In the passive the subject is not used

Passive

Verb to be + Past Participle

PRESENT

I write a letter.

I write letters. PRESENT OF TO BE

A letter is written. (by me)

Letters are written. (by me)



PAST

He wrote a letter yesterday.

He wrote letters yesterday. PAST OF TO BE

A letter was written (by him)

Letters were written (by him)


FUTURE

I will write a letter.

I am going to write a letter. FUTURE OF TO BE

A letter will be written. (by me)

A letter is going to be written. (by me)



PRESENT PERFECT

I have written a letter.

He has written a letter.

I have written letters. PAST PARTICIPLE OF TO BE

A letter has been written by me.

A letter has been written by him.

Letters have been written by me.


MODAL VERBS
ACTIVE
1-I can write a letter

2-I could write a letter

3-I must write a letter

4-I should write a letter Verb to be present without to

PASSIVE
1-A letter can be written by me

2-A letter could be written by me

3-A letter must be written by me

4-A letter should be written by me


We use the passive for letters, reports, when we want to write better, we change the sentences into passive.

For example: I have received your fax. (company situation)

I = is not important to mention because you represent a group of people, a company, so you

should write like this:

Your fax has been received.

The report was sent yesterday.

The order was made last week.

She was promoted chief executive officer.

The fire was put out very fast.

The work is done by machines.

The work is done by women.

The movie was directed by John Collins.

People are expected to be polite.

They were invited to go to the dinner party.

I was born in 1987.

(It is not necessary to use by me by him by them)

You see who did the action is not important when we use the passive

The fire was put out. (it is not important to know who put out the fire, but the action done).

You always read passive in newspaper articles, magazines, reports.


23-Future Conditionals ( Future Unreal ) Type 1

FORM

[If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Future ...]

[... Simple Future ... if / when ... Simple Present ...]

Notice that there is no future in the if- or when-clause.

USE

A-The Future Conditional describes what you think you will do in a specific situation in the future. We are usually imagining or guessing about the future.

Examples:

• If I go to my friend's house for dinner tonight, I will take a bottle of wine or some flowers.

I am still not sure if I will go to his house or not.

• When I have a day off from work, I will to the beach.

I have to wait until I have a day off.

• If the weather is nice, she will walk to work.

It depends on the weather.

• Jerry will help me with my homework when he has time.

I have to wait until he has time.

IMPORTANT If / When

Both "if" and "when" are used in the Future Conditional, "if" suggests that you do not know if something will happen or not. "When" suggests that something will definitely happen at some point; we are simply waiting for it to occur.

• When you call me, I will give you the address.

You are going to call me later, and at that time, I will give you the address.

• If you call me, I will give you the address.

If you want the address, you can call me.

B-Present Unreal Conditional ( Type 2)

FORM

[If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...]

[... would + verb ... if ... Simple Past ...]

USE

The Present Unreal Conditional is used to talk about what you would generally do in imaginary situations.

Examples:

• If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.

• She would travel around the world if she had more money. But she doesn't have much money.

• I would read more if I didn't watch so much TV.

• Mary would move to Japan if she spoke Japanese.

• If they worked harder, they would earn more money.

• A: What would you do if you won the lottery?

B: I would buy a house.

• A: Where would you live if you moved to the U.S.?

B: I would live in Seattle.

EXCEPTION If I were ...

In the Present Unreal Conditional, the form "was" is not considered grammatically correct. In written English or in testing situations, you should always use "were." However, in everyday conversation, "was" is often used.

Examples:

• If he were French, he would live in Paris.

• If she were rich, she would buy a yacht.

• I would play basketball if I were taller.

• I would buy that computer if it were cheaper.

EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs

There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:

would + can = could

would + shall = should

would + may = might

The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they must be used in these special forms.

Examples:

• If I went to Egypt, I could learn Arabic.

• If she had time, she might go to the party.

• The words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include conditional, so you cannot combine them with "would."

Examples:

• If I had more time, I could exercise after work.

CONDITIONAL TYPE 2

If I had money, I would buy a house. ( Past – would )

I would buy a, house if
I had money. ( would – past )

If I spoke English, I would find a good job.

I would find a good job, if I spoke English.

Past Unreal Conditional Type 3

FORM

[If ... Past Perfect ..., ... would have + past participle ... ]

[... would have + past participle ... if ... Past Perfect ...]

USE

C-The Past Unreal Conditional is used to talk about imaginary situations in the past. You can describe what you would have done differently or how something could have happened differently if circumstances had been different.

Examples:

• If I had owned a car, I would have driven to work. But I didn't own one, so I took the bus.

• She would have traveled around the world if she had had more money. But she didn't have much money, so she never traveled.

• I would have read more as a child if I hadn't watched so much TV. Unfortunately, I did watch a lot of TV, so I never read for entertainment.

• Mary would have gotten the job and moved to Japan if she had studied Japanese in school instead of French.

• If Jack had worked harder, he would have earned more money. Unfortunately, he was lazy and he didn't earn much.

• What would you have done if you had won the lottery last week?

I would have bought a house.

• What city would you have chosen if you had decided to move to the United States?

I would have chosen Seattle.